MR de 7 Tesla en Esclerosis Múltiple

7T T2*-weighted axial images from (A) an MS patient using the Axial1 protocol (in-plane resolution: 215 × 286 μm). Images demonstrate multiple foci of abnormality involving the deep WM structures, as well as the GM, WM, and lesion contrast achieved using this methodology, and (B) an MS patient with multiple lesions using the Axial2 protocol (in plane resolution: 195 × 260 μm), along with an enlarged image of highlighted selection which demonstrates sub-cortical WM lesions (arrows).

Demencia autoinmune

Neuroimaging in patients with an immunotherapy-responsive cognitive disorder.

Magnetic resonance imaging: yellow arrows indicate areas of abnormality on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR). A, 36-year-old woman (patient 10 in Appendix 1) had fluctuating memory problems and was seropositive for glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 autoantibody. Bilateral hippocampal axial FLAIR abnormality, shown in A1, almost completely resolved after treatment with intravenous (IV) methylprednisolone (A2). B, 51-year-old woman (patient 20 in Appendix 1) had subacute fluctuating memory problems, multifocal neurologic examination findings, and evidence of autoimmunity (IgM antiphospholipid antibody). Symmetric confluent T2 signal abnormality in the white matter of both hemispheres (B1) decreased after treatment with IV methylprednisolone (B2). C, 60-year-old man (patient 41 in Appendix 1) had memory, language, and gait problems and was seropositive for both striational and glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 antibodies. Axial T1 magnetic resonance imaging with contrast demonstrated periventricular vessel enhancement (C1) and resolution after treatment (C2). D, 53-year-old woman (patient 29 in Appendix 1) had memory loss, hallucinations, and subsequent seizure; cerebrospinal fluid protein was elevated (>100 mg/dL), and she was seropositive for thyroid peroxidase antibodies and neuronal and muscle acetylcholine receptor antibodies. Axial FLAIR images show diffusely increased T2 signal in the midbrain (D1), which improved after treatment with IV methylprednisolone (D2). Multiple myeloma was diagnosed 18 months after neurologic presentation.

Positron emission tomographic imaging: Brain reconstructions (brighter color represents regions of hypometabolism) in a 58-year-old man (patient 21 in Appendix 1) who presented with personality change and memory problems and had elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein (>100 mg/dL). Hypometabolism, predominantly frontal and temporal (E1), improved after treatment with IV methylprednisolone (E2).

Single-photon emission computed tomographic brain imaging: Brain neuroimaging in a 35-year-old man (patient 22 in Appendix 1) who presented with vertigo and memory problems, had multiple coexisting autoimmune conditions, and was seropositive for muscle acetylcholine receptor and striational antibodies. Diffuse decrease in uptake in frontotemporoparietal regions (F1) was markedly improved globally after treatment with IV methylprednisolone (F2).

Encefalitis antiNMDA simulando neuromielitis óptica seronegativa

Features of atypical anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis

MRI: (A) Initial contrast-enhancing lesion; (B) longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis; (C) continued development of contrast-enhancing lesions; (D) retrochiasmatic optic neuritis; (E, F) continued accumulation of T2/fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) hyperintense lesion burden, with sagittal FLAIR hyperintensities reminiscent of Dawson's fingers (E). Brain biopsy (from contrast-enhancing frontal lobe lesion): (G) perivascular infiltrate with associated reactive microgliosis; (H) widespread parenchymal destruction mediated by infiltrative lymphocytes and macrophages without selective demyelination; (I) prominent mixed perivascular infiltrate (macrophages, T- and B-lymphocytes with uncommon neutrophils and rare eosinophils). Western blot: (J) Western blot depicting the presence of several additional serum-derived autoantibodies reactive against cerebellar protein extract from control human brain.

Resonancia de alto campo del hipocampo

21.1-Tesla MRI on postmortem brain sections of the hippocampus

Fixed postmortem samples were washed in phosphate-buffered saline and immersed in Fluorinert (3M, Corp). Utilizing a 21.1-T magnet (Bruker Avance console and Micro2.5 gradients) and 33-mm birdcage coil, 3-dimensional ¹H fast low angle shot (FLASH) scans (echo time/repetition time = 12/50 msec) were acquired in 3-dimensional at 50-μm isotropic resolution over 4.3 hours at 14°C. (A) Normal hippocampal and (B) sclerotic sections.

Uso del PET con Florbetapir para la detección del beta amiloide en la Enfermedad de Alzheimer

El diagnóstico precoz de los pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) supone un constante desafío.Se estima que entre un 10-20% de los pacientes diagnosticados de EA en realidad no la presentan en el estudio anatomopatológico y que un 33% de pacientes con síntomas leves no pueden ser diagnosticados de EA. Por ello, los marcadores biológicos se han propuesto como una solución a este problema.

Recientemente ha sido publicado un estudio, todavía preliminar, (JAMA. 2011;305(3):275-283) de un nuevo biomarcador (Florbetapir-F 18) para su uso en imágenes por Tomografía por emisión de positrones (PET). Los autores demuestran en el estudio una correlación de las imágenes de Florbetapir-PET "in vivo" con la densidad de beta-amiloide en los estudios necrópsicos postmorten.

 

El Florbetapir se une al Compuesto B Pittsburgh como marcador para imágenes de PET que muestra la presencia "in vivo" de los depósitos cerebrales de beta-amiloide propios de la EA. La ventaja del Florbetapir-F 18 con respecto al Compuesto B Pittsburgh, es que este último al usar el Carbono-11 como isótopo presenta una menor vida media (20 minutos) que el Fluor-18 (isótopo del Florbetapir).

Los estudios previos demostraban la alta afinidad  y especificidad del Florbetapir con el Beta-amiloide. Además, su rápido aclaramiento (en el caso de que no se haya fijado al beta-amiloide) cerebral lo hace ser un excelente biomarcador para su uso en el PET.

Chiari + Siringomielia

Fístula Carótido-Cavernosa

Embolismo gaseoso

Paciente con derrame pleural metaneumónico que tras tratamiento con pleurodesis quimica con fibrinolíticos sufre embolismo cerebral gaseoso. Recuperación completa tras tratamiento en cámara hiperbárica.
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